Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning
JOURNAL of DESIGN for RESILIENCE in ARCHITECTURE and PLANNING (DRArch) is interested in designs and design methods the approach of foreseeing the future, long-term, sustainable, being able to synthesize technological developments with inspiration and aesthetics. Resilience means the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties with the ability of adaptation. Resilient design and resilient city are deal with better living. DRArch is not only on the concept of resilience design mentioned in the literature, but also on the anticipation of future designs in the rapidly changing and transforming modern world. Design for resilience is to adapt to change, to develop innovative tools, to use technology for people and the environment, dealing with flexibility, durability, mobility and humanity. DRArch provides a new forum to bring together existing design accumulation with futuristic approach to create better and happier built environment. DRArch aims to fill that gap. DRArch is a free, open access, scholarly international, e-journal considers original research articles, viewpoints, book reviews in peer-reviewed.
Artificial intelligence in construction project management: Trends, challenges and future directions
Contemporary construction projects are characterized by escalating complexity, voluminous data flows, and stringent sustainability requirements, rendering conventional project management methods increasingly inadequate. In response, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative enabler in construction project management, offering advanced capabilities in predictive analytics, process automation, and intelligent decision support. This paper explores the role of AI in the identified principal functions of construction project management, including time management, cost estimation, quality assurance, occupational health and safety, risk mitigation, resource optimization, and design management through a narrative literature review. Analysis demonstrates that AI-driven approaches significantly enhance operational efficiency and system resilience by enabling proactive identification of schedule delays, cost overruns, and safety hazards. For example, image-recognition systems integrated with Internet-of-Things sensors facilitate real-time monitoring of site conditions and adaptive response to disruptions, while neural-network models trained on historical project data yield more accurate cost forecasts than traditional estimation techniques. In the design management domain, generative design algorithms and AI-enhanced BIM integration have the potential to automate clash detection, optimize form and function, and generate innovative design alternatives that align with cost, energy, and sustainability objectives. Beyond efficiency gains, AI fosters a paradigm shift toward predictive, data-driven, and adaptive management practices that strengthen project resilience, enabling teams to anticipate, absorb, and recover from unforeseen challenges while improving project performance and sustainability. Critical barriers to widespread AI adoption are also identified in this study. Fragmented and non-standardized data ecosystems impede model training and interoperability with legacy systems, while organizational resistance and a shortage of professionals skilled in both AI and construction hinder implementation. Ethical and legal concerns—stemming from the “black-box” nature of many AI algorithms—further complicate accountability in safety-critical decisions. By synthesizing these challenges, the strategic role of AI is highlighted not only as a technological innovation but also as a catalyst for cultural and organizational transformation toward more resilient project delivery. Targeted future research directions include empirical validation of AI tools in live project environments, development of sector-specific AI frameworks tailored to the peculiarities of the construction industry, interdisciplinary collaboration among engineers, data scientists, and managers, and educational initiatives to upskill the workforce. Collectively, these steps will help bridge the gap between theoretical potential and real-world impact, positioning AI as a cornerstone of intelligent, resilient, sustainable, and high-performing construction project management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sezer Savaş https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the vulnerability of cities to climate change: A new index proposal for Türkiye cities
On a global scale, as cities continue to grow and climate change brings increasing hazards, the vulnerability and risk levels for cities are also rising. Assessing the risk and vulnerability of urban areas has become more vital now than in previous decades. In this context, the climate–adaptive city approach is gaining importance alongside sustainable development. Türkiye’s geographical location is considered one of the most vulnerable regions in terms of climate change, due to decreasing precipitation and rising temperatures. In the literature, some studies primarily evaluate the full range of risks associated with climate change, while others develop a climate–adaptive city approach that focuses on a single risk. However, the consequences of climate change vary across regions and countries. In this study, the vulnerability of cities to climate change is discussed separately for each risk. Vulnerability criteria are considered separately for drought, sea-level rise, heavy rainfall, and extreme heat. For each risk, indicators of the impact, pressure, vulnerability, resistance, and adaptive capacity that contribute to the risk are identified. Methodologically, relevant studies in the literature were compiled, previous studies were utilized in determining the indicator, and new indicators were developed. As a result, a holistic approach has been developed to assess the vulnerability of cities to climate change across all risks. This makes it possible to identify both how cities remain unprepared for the consequences and risks of climate change and, on the other hand, the climate–adaptive aspects of cities. This study is intended to contribute to researchers working on urban resilience as well as to urban municipalities. In conclusion, a guiding index has been put forward to inform planning and decision-making processes for the creation of a climate–adaptive city.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hale Öncel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical vs virtual: A multi-layered perception experience on memory through historic buildings
This study investigates the layered relationship between memory and perception through the experience of historic buildings in both physical and virtual environments. Drawing upon theoretical foundations in memory studies and architectural history, the paper aims to explore how architectural elements, spatial perception, and sensory engagement contribute to individual and collective memory formation. The selected case study, Bostancı Primary School building in Istanbul, designed by Mimar (Architect) Kemalettin in the early 20th century, provides a historical context with its architectural and socio-cultural significance. The building has maintained its structural integrity and unique architectural characteristics for years and continues to be used as an educational building today, albeit with a different function. Therefore, it has a strong place in urban memory and provides a strong foundation for exploring the relationship between memory and space through in-situ observations and experiences as a part of daily urban life. The methodology involves a three-phase experiential framework incorporating physical experience (PE), virtual reality experience (VRE), and memory representation through photographs, screenshots, and sketches. Twenty senior architecture students participated in structured experiences within the real and virtual building environments. Data were collected through their drawing of route mapping, image capture, written expressions, and memory sketches. Then they were analysed using a dual thematic framework of Architectural References (AR) and Sensory References (SR), interpreted through episodic and semantic memory models. Findings show that while architectural references were more frequently recalled in both physical and virtual reality environments, VRE yielded higher rates of episodic memory activation due to its ability to eliminate physical barriers and enhance spatial comprehension. Conversely, PE experiences more strongly activated semantic memory, as the embodied tactile nature of physical space provided deeper sensory engagement. Additionally, sketch analyses revealed that participants predominantly recalled historical architectural features, with minimal reference to recent alterations, underscoring the dominance of collective memory imagery over present-day functions. This research contributes to the interdisciplinary discourse on memory and perception by proposing a comprehensive model that evaluates how historic buildings are perceived and remembered differently depending on the mode of experience. It also highlights the potential of virtual technologies in architecture by facilitating complex, layered memory engagements beyond physical constraints.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yekta Özgüven, Asena Kumsal Şen Bayram, Nadide Ebru Özkan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Degradation and biodiversity of rain gardens in the tropics
Rain gardens are commonly applied as a nature-based stormwater management method in urban areas, yet the long-term impacts, possible degradation, and effects on biodiversity as a type of green infrastructure remain underexplored. By comparing two rain gardens in Singapore– one of the earlier prototypes in a neighbourhood managed by a local town council in Central Singapore at Potong Pasir, and a more recent one managed by the National Parks in the West at Jurong Lake Gardens, the ecological and aesthetic functions are investigated. Thus, the rain gardens are explored through the lenses of both functional and aesthetic degradation. Quantitative methods, including the Shannon Biodiversity Index, Green View Index, Colourfulness Index, and surface heat mapping, are applied. Observational methods, including spatial configurations of the rain gardens, plant health, and soil conditions, were also explored to understand the extent of degradation. Common challenges encountered in rain gardens included poor or improper maintenance, poor aesthetic and visual engagement, as well as improper design. Through the findings, comprehensive design and maintenance suggestions are provided for designers and planners to improve existing rain gardens and extend the lifespan and function of future gardens. Rain garden lifespans can be lengthened to reap long-term benefits like effective stormwater management and habitat creation for local biodiversity. Maintenance suggestions build upon existing grey infrastructure and nature-based solutions routine maintenance protocols, tackling the four key functions of a rain garden: sedimentation, filtration, infiltration, and bioretention. Design suggestions are drawn from the data analysed, including potential tree planting configurations and the use of groundcover to reduce surface temperature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Altoaimi, Shruthakeerthi Karthikeyan, Akshitha Vadlakunta, Yuting Wang, Abdul Thaqif Abdul Terawis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban heat island and fringe belt interaction: The role of the urban fringe in heat island mitigation
Fringe Belt (FB) areas are transition zones located between successive areas of urban development. They are typically characterized by open spaces, industrial and institutional areas, and low-density residential areas. An Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a microclimate phenomenon caused by urbanization, characterized by higher surface temperatures in city centers compared to the surrounding area. The primary factors exacerbating the UHI effect are dense development, reduced green spaces and the heat-retaining properties of surface materials. FB areas can mitigate the UHI effect by limiting heat accumulation due to their relatively natural and permeable surfaces. This study aims to analyze temporal changes in FB areas and evaluate their impact on the UHI effect. For this purpose, Landsat satellite images from 1985, 2000 and 2025 were processed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to obtain land surface temperature (LST) values and map UHI distribution alongside delineation of fringe-belt plots. The results indicate that the UHI effect is relatively low in areas where fringe belts are preserved or minimally developed. Additionally, it was observed that the UHI effect increases as these areas become more developed over time. The study reveals that fringe-belt areas can play an important role in reducing the UHI effect, suggesting that these areas should be integrated into urban planning as cooling buffers. The study emphasizes the necessity of climate-focused approaches in urban planning and suggests evaluating fringe belts as potential microclimatic mitigation areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gülnihal Kurt Kayalı, Büşra Gülbahar İşlek, Tuğba Akın, Tolga Ünlü, Tülin Selvi Ünlü https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing design thinking process for group housing through interaction design methods
This research paper investigates the optimization of the Design Thinking (DT) process for group housing projects by using Interaction Design (IxD) methods. Group housing design is increasingly complicated as it attempts to balance individual requirements, community behavior, and sustainability. Through the integration of Design Thinking principles—empathy, ideation, prototyping, and iteration. This article proposes a hybrid approach that combines Interaction Design (IxD) methods, including empathy mapping, interactive prototyping, and real-time feedback systems, to optimize DT's phases (empathize, ideate, prototype, test) in group housing. Through a series of case studies, the research shows how IxD's focus on dynamic user interactions and iterative co-design increases participatory outcomes. Key outcomes are a 30% increase in resident satisfaction with communal spaces, a 25% decrease in design iteration cycles, and enhanced conflict resolution in shared spaces through means such as behavioral analytics and VR-based spatial simulations. The framework not only closes gaps in DT's usage but also encourages interdisciplinary collaboration, allowing architects and interaction designers to co-create flexible, user-oriented living spaces. Practical considerations for large-scale housing solutions are debated, including limitations to cultural responsiveness and resources needed. Recommendations are provided to bring digital-physical feedback tools into policy and practice at the end of the study, which is a path for future work across different socio-spatial environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samantha Kumar Tadiboina, Ramesh Srikonda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Future-proofing next-g homes: Enhancing thermal comfort and building energy performance through landscape integration
Buildings in the tropics are increasingly exposed to intense solar radiation and heat gains that result in extreme thermal discomfort, particularly in naturally ventilated buildings. As climate change accelerates, the Next Generation (Next-G) of housing stock must be designed and integrated with future-proofing strategies to ensure indoor livability. Micro-landscape interventions such as trees, lawns and water features have been found to cool outdoor environments through shading and evapotranspiration. While several studies have explored their role in mitigating outdoor heat stress, with a focus on reducing urban heat island (UHI) effects, the impact of landscape configurations on indoor thermal comfort remains underexplored, particularly in extreme climates. This study employs dynamic thermal modelling in DesignBuilder to investigate the role of micro-landscape elements on indoor thermal performance. A three-phase hypothetical building simulation approach was adopted: (1) without landscape features, (2) with landscape features and (3) with landscape features and mixed-mode cooling. Predicted future climate data for two climatically contrasting locations in Nigeria; Jos (cold) and Sokoto (hot), were used to assess comfort and energy performance. Findings reveal that by limiting solar incidences on the building envelope, landscape elements can reduce indoor discomfort hours by up to 18% in naturally ventilated spaces. However, mechanical cooling remains vital for achieving thermal comfort under future climate extremes. A combined strategy of vegetation and cooling achieved up to a 92% reduction in discomfort hours. Yet, this comfort improvement gave rise to an increased energy demand of up to 48% for the total building and 78% for conditioned spaces. These results highlight the capacity of integrated landscape strategies to support, but not replace, active systems in future-proofing Next-G buildings for thermal resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mark Alegbe, Laurence Chukwuemeka, John Lekwauwa Kalu, Hammed Nasiru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of wooden pillar and wooden ceiling mosques of the Seljuk and principalities period
Mosques, as structures meticulously designed and constructed, represent the pinnacle of architectural and aesthetic solutions within Islamic civilizations. The desire for proximity to the mihrab in mosque design has necessitated the development of original and rational structural solutions, leading to significant advancements in architectural technology and technique. Mosque architecture, predominantly masonry, reflects both local architectural influences and the availability of materials, often shaped by regional traditions and construction methods specific to certain periods. A notable example of this is the wooden columned and wooden-ceilinged mosques, extensively constructed in Anatolia during the Seljuk and Principalities periods, where all elements, except for the masonry walls, were crafted from wood. This article presents a typological analysis of mosques with flat timber beams, wooden columns, and wooden ceilings, offering a comprehensive examination of their distinctive architectural features. The structural analysis encompasses all aspects from the foundation to the roof, with detailed documentation of their construction techniques. The aim of this study is to contribute to the conservation and restoration efforts of these mosques, a group of which only a few original, high-quality examples remain. Furthermore, this research is of particular significance as it represents one of the first studies to document the ceiling solutions of wooden hypostyle mosques, some of which are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. For the typological studies, both on-site examinations were conducted and data from previous sources were evaluated. The ceiling analysis was carried out using application photographs of a restored mosque, employing a three-dimensional modeling method.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ercan Aksoy, Özlem Sağıroğlu Demirci https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban layers and living spaces: The evolution of housing in Kayseri
This study examines the transformation of housing in Kayseri as a case through which to understand broader processes of urbanization, modernization, and socio-spatial change in Turkey. Once defined by inward-oriented courtyard houses constructed from local materials—reflecting values of privacy and communal life—Kayseri’s domestic architecture has undergone significant transformation across four historical periods: the pre-Republican era, the early Republican period, the post-1950 expansion, and the post-1980 neoliberal era. Each phase reflects a distinct interplay between national policy directives, global urban trends, and local adaptations. Early Republican reforms introduced Western-oriented architectural ideals by promoting detached houses and low-rise apartments. This trajectory accelerated in the post-1980 period when neoliberal policies prioritized high-rise residential development driven by private capital and speculative investment, often at the expense of cultural continuity and human-scale urban design. Employing an interdisciplinary methodology, this research integrates archival analysis, oral histories, spatial observations, and visual documentation. Drawing on architecture, sociology, and history, it investigates how built forms mediate tensions between tradition and modernity, memory and transformation, and local identity and state ideology. With its long-standing strategic and cultural significance, Kayseri provides a compelling case for examining how urban development is shaped by structural forces and lived experience. The study argues that the housing transformation in Kayseri is not a linear progression, but a contested and layered process shaped by evolving economic structures, governance models, and cultural logic. By combining textual, visual, and experiential knowledge, the research offers a deeper understanding of how domestic space reflects and constructs shifting urban realities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nihan Muş Özmen, Burak Asiliskender https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effects of western housing practices on Turkey’s social housing experience
Social housing emerged as an inevitable yet late response to the changes brought about by industrialization. The sudden population influx caused by mass migration towards expanding old cities and newly developed industrial towns resulted in poor living conditions and the lack of proper accommodation. The evolving response to housing problems paved the way for social housing, which eventually turned into common practices worldwide to provide adequate accommodation to those in need. This paper examines the evolution of Western housing policies and practices, their limitations in the modern social context, and the impact of Western housing practices upon Turkey’s social housing experience. |The analysis aims to highlight the adaptability, challenges and opportunities presented by Western housing policies in a distinct cultural and socio-economic environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatema Alhashemi, Mehmet Saner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A new paradigm in parking management: From quantitative models to stakeholder participation
This study investigates the selection process of "Parking Management" strategies, a critical component of parking facility planning. An integrated approach is developed, combining quantitative assessment models with those based on expert and user opinions, to select effective "Parking Management" strategies. Additionally, parking strategies for the Trabzon-Ortahisar district were determined by analyzing observed on-site parking behaviors. The study hypothesized that conventional approaches would be insufficient for selecting parking management strategies and would fail to adequately adapt to user profiles and parking usage patterns. At this stage, car parking strategies selected through traditional methods—such as car parking capacities, usage rates, projection studies, and data obtained from user and car parking surveys—were compared. The AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method was used as the selection criterion. As an outcome, the study proposes a method that incorporates user opinions to determine optimal strategies for addressing parking problems caused by the imbalance between parking spaces and parking demand.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ecenur Sarıca Karakulak, Görkem Gülhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multidimensional analysis of teaching techniques used in higher education: The case of a landscape architecture department
This study provides a multidimensional analysis of teaching techniques in a landscape architecture department. The study aims to identify the most effective among different learning methods and analyze the effectiveness of the training offered by lecturers through student feedback and lecture notes. It is imperative to acknowledge the significance of student feedback as a crucial source of data for the evaluation of teaching methodologies and curriculum design. The study indicates that, beyond the extent of student learning of the course material, it is also imperative for teaching methodologies to align with the students' perceptions and personalities. To this end, a questionnaire was administered to students enrolled in four distinct courses (Computer Aided Design, Planting Design, Landscape Engineering, and Project-I) at the beginning and end of the semester. The objective of the questionnaires is to assess the students' level of knowledge regarding the topics included in the curriculum of the relevant courses. The study used a quantitative research method, a 5-point Likert-type scale, and a one-group pretest-posttest design. The data obtained were analyzed using reliability, frequency, independent, and dependent sample t-tests. In addition, the consistency between student feedback and end-of-semester course scores was also examined. The results of the study show that, in general, there is a statistically significant increase in the knowledge level of students in all courses toward the end of the semester. However, the effectiveness levels of the teaching techniques vary by course and subject. For instance, it was determined that teaching techniques were more successful in the Computer-Aided Design course (89.2% effective), while this rate was lower in the Project-I course (66.6% effective). In addition, students' perceptions of their knowledge levels (post-test results) were found to be higher than their end-of-semester scores. In the student feedback, issues such as insufficient class hours, lack of visual examples, and the importance of practical applications were also mentioned. In conclusion, the study shows that the evaluation of the questionnaire data and student scores together can be an effective tool in determining the level of teaching effectiveness and identifying issues that require revision in the curriculum.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmet Akay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conflict of virtual and reality in interior design studio: Assessment of student success rates
This study evaluates the relative efficiency of interior architecture education programs delivered through face-to-face education (FFE) compared to online education (OE), from the perspectives of both students and educators. The quality of learning, as perceived by educators, was assessed through the analysis of semester grades assigned after each academic term. Conversely, the student perspective was gathered via a structured questionnaire. This research addresses a notable gap in existing literature regarding student success by incorporating the educators' viewpoints into the analysis with a comparative analysis examining student success rates between FFE and OE. This investigation, from the student perspective, found the FFE model to be a more effective educational approach compared to the OE model. The disparity between the instructors' perspectives was not significant. Nevertheless, valuable insights were obtained from educators utilizing the OE model, especially regarding their experiences during the pandemic. These insights could inform future research on hybrid educational models. As a result, this study advocates for the implementation of a hybrid educational model as a progressive direction for interior architecture education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamil Güley, Nisan Akalın https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A traditional trace in the urban fabric: Architectural analysis of the Maltepe Mosque
This study aims to present an evaluation of contemporary mosque architecture by addressing the Maltepe Mosque in Ankara, which was built with a traditional approach. In Turkey, modern mosque architecture often adopts design approaches that aim to maintain the traces of the past and remain loyal to the local cultural identity. However, this sometimes causes traditional elements to become an obstacle to innovative architectural approaches. In the study, the architectural features of the Maltepe Mosque, the traditional elements used and the relationship of these elements with modern architecture will be analyzed. In particular, how key architectural elements such as the dome, minaret, mihrab and minbar, which are fundamental to Ottoman and Seljuk architecture, were used in this building and how they were integrated with modern construction techniques will be examined through the plan and structural elements of the mosque. The Maltepe Mosque was selected as a case study in order to question the place of traditional mosque architecture within modern urban life and architectural understanding, to discuss issues of aesthetics, functionality, and originality through architectural elements, and to provide a critical perspective on the future of mosque architecture in Turkey. Whether the design of the Maltepe Mosque, enriched with traditional elements, contributes to the creation of a contemporary structure, its integration with the urban fabric and the degree to which it meets the needs of the users are among the focal points of this study. The limitations imposed by traditionalist approaches in the mosque architecture in the context of modern architecture will be evaluated in terms of aesthetics, functionality and originality. The relationship of the building with its surroundings and the sustainability of traditional mosque forms in a modern city will also be addressed within this framework. Finally, the study aims to offer a unique perspective on the harmony of traditional architecture with modern architecture in Turkey, specifically in the Maltepe Mosque. While the repetition of traditional patterns in mosque architecture can be seen as a factor that limits creativity, it can also be considered as a meaningful step towards preserving collective memory. Therefore, the aim of this study is to critically evaluate this balance between the traditional and the modern and to offer ideas on how mosque architecture in Turkey may evolve in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Necdet Bekirhan Soy, Murat Karademir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparative analysis of space efficiency in skyscrapers: Case studies from the Middle East, Asia, and North America
This study conducts a critical comparative analysis of spatial efficiency in supertall buildings across three major geographic contexts: the Middle East, Asia, and North America. Through the examination of selected case studies representative of each region, the research investigates the interplay between architectural form, structural typology, and the distribution of usable floor area within vertical structures. The findings reveal significant regional variations in spatial efficiency metrics and core-to-GFA (gross floor area) proportions. In the Asian context, towers predominantly adopt a tapered morphological strategy combined with composite structural systems, resulting in an average spatial efficiency of approximately 68%, with vertical service cores occupying nearly 30% of the GFA. Conversely, Middle Eastern high-rises, typically defined by prismatic massing and monolithic concrete structures, demonstrate a higher spatial efficiency—averaging 76%—with a core-to-GFA ratio of around 21%. North American skyscrapers, frequently employing prismatic or setback configurations alongside reinforced concrete systems, exhibit comparable efficiency rates, with an average of 76% and a similarly proportioned core area. Despite these regional divergences, the analysis identifies a consistent inverse correlation between building height and spatial efficiency, underscoring the technical and spatial challenges associated with height-induced inefficiencies in high-rise design. By elucidating these interregional patterns, the study offers valuable insights into the optimization of vertical spatial organization, contributing to the evolving discourse on high-rise architecture and urban densification.
Copyright (c) 2025 Özlem Nur Aslantamer, Hüseyin Emre Ilgın https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mobilizing nature-based solutions through temporary urban interventions: A civic guide to ephemeral landscapes
The potential of permeable urban landscapes has gained increasing attention in contemporary academic scholarship on nature-based solutions (Nbs). The common thread of these solutions is related to pressing issues arising from responses to climate change caused by urban densification, necessitating innovative strategies for enhancing environmental resilience. However, these strategies often require extensive timeframes and large-scale implementation. In contrast, temporary approaches to urbanism have the potential to provide answers to these strategies by focusing on citizen-engaged, small-scale, low-cost and low-tech actions. This study engages these two planning approaches in dialogue by focusing on overlooked urban interstices—small and unnoticed impervious spaces that have significant potential to become permeable. Developing a conceptual framework, the research explores how ephemeral installations can transform these interstices into nature-based, scalable and socially engaged landscapes. Applying this framework, the study adopts prototyping as an experimental research method, structured around three phases: (1) experimentation: incorporating nature-based aggregates, (2) fabrication: forming scalable and modular tiles, and (3) dissemination: creating social value with workshops. Building over the findings of these phases, the paper concludes with a proposal for a civic urban guide that outlines all these practical strategies for activating underutilized spaces through accessible and low-maintenance interventions. The guide aims to inspire civic engagement and environmental awareness, offering a model for small-scale, bottom-up interventions in line with broader Nbs objectives. In doing so, the research proposes a comprehensive approach to urban resilience that bridges planning theories, material experimentation, and public engagement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tuba Doğu, Hande Atmaca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysing morphogenetic design approaches in the context of hypothetical housing examples
Conceptual approaches that systematically integrate ecological reasoning with algorithmic design processes have gained increasing attention in theoretical discussions on architectural practice. However, a significant gap remains in terms of their application, particularly within the context of housing architecture. In response to this theoretical gap, this study aims to evaluate the algorithmic orientations of designers who transform their spatial inquiries into an ecological organization through hypothetical housing examples. This evaluation is framed through the concept of morphogenetic design—a biologically informed architectural approach in which form and space evolve not through predetermined templates but through generative, adaptive, and systemic processes. Accordingly, the study addresses two main research questions: 'The potential impact of morphogenetic design on residential buildings' and 'Integration of morphogenetic design into housing construction processes'. The study employed a qualitative research design and the literature review method to answer the research questions. The research sample consists of four hypothetical housing projects: Embryological House, Multistory Apartment Building, Molecular Engineered House, and The Fab Tree Hab. These projects were developed using morphogenetic design approaches in 2000 and beyond. In order to collect data from the main mass in an easy and fast way, Homogeneous sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling types, was preferred. In this context, the 'descriptive content analysis method' was preferred to analyse the data obtained in the research and the data was analysed in two stages. In the first stage, descriptive analysis was carried out and the general trend was determined by examining the qualitative studies that could answer the research questions. In the second stage, content analysis was carried out and the data obtained were organised and interpreted according to the parameters set by the researcher. The analysis indicates that morphogenetic design has the capacity to substantially transform the formal, functional and ecological dimensions of future residential buildings. Digital design methods, biologically inspired production techniques and user-participatory design strategies have rendered it feasible for buildings to self-renew, establish symbiotic relationships with their environment and adapt to various living scenarios. This process is characterised by the integration of sustainability and user experience across multiple stages, ranging from design to construction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anday Türkmen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of resilience in rural areas: The case of Bağlıköy, Cyprus
Recent developments have significantly impacted both urban and rural areas, leading to increased migration from rural to urban regions and considerable challenges in rural areas. Rural activities have decreased due to the reduction in population and the labour force, affecting economic, environmental, social, and demographic structures. These natural and artificial changes constitute potential threats to rural resilience. Consequently, rural resilience analysis has become essential to ensuring the sustainability and well-being of rural communities in the face of economic, environmental, and social challenges. Rural resilience is defined as the ability to adjust, transform and cope with change in response to ever-changing regional dynamics. There are four key components of rural resilience: economic resilience, social resilience, environmental resilience, and cultural resilience. Robust infrastructure, including transportation, communication, and healthcare systems, maintains connectivity and access to essential services during adverse events. The research focuses on the cultural, economic, environmental, and social factors influencing the resilience of rural area. Besides, this study hypothesizes that the resilience of rural areas is significantly influenced by vulnerabilities resulting from regional transformations, and both natural and artificial impacts. Bağlıköy village was selected as the case study area to examine this hypothesis. A SWOT analysis of Bağlıköy’s rural resilience helps identify internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats that influence its ability to withstand and recover from challenges. The assessment of the vulnerability of rural areas to natural and artificial effects experienced with regional transformations linked to resilience factors. In conclusion, the study evaluates the rural area's resilience and provides recommendations to enhance its sustainability and adaptive capacity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mümüne Selen Abbasoğlu, Fatma Bıldır https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Silo buildings: A new image in the urban landscape
Silo buildings, traditionally used for storing bulk commodities such as grain, cement, and seeds, have become emblematic of industrial heritage while increasingly facing obsolescence in modern cities. Their cylindrical forms, dictated initially by utilitarian priorities, have made them prominent landmarks in urban and rural landscapes. With advancements in agricultural technology, shifts in logistics, and urban expansion, many silos lost their primary functions, leading to their abandonment or demolition. Recognizing the cultural, historical, and architectural significance of these structures, this study examines the potential of adaptive reuse—mainly through façade modifications and structural alterations—to transform silo buildings into vibrant elements of the contemporary urban fabric. A qualitative multiple-case study methodology was adopted to analyze four exemplary projects: Portland Towers, The Silo, Gemini Residence in Copenhagen, and Sugar City in Amsterdam. Data collection involved the review of architectural documentation, historical records, and visual media, with site observations and, where possible, stakeholder interviews. This approach enabled an in-depth exploration of the strategies employed to convert monumental, monolithic silos into fully functional environments. Central to these transformations were façade interventions—such as the introduction of windows, balconies, and new cladding materials—that humanized previously austere exteriors and improved interior light and ventilation. Structural additions and interior reconfigurations were also critical, helping silo buildings comply with modern building standards and accommodate a range of new functions, including offices, residences, and cultural venues. Findings highlight how carefully balanced preservation and innovation can conserve industrial authenticity while meeting contemporary urban needs. These projects illustrate how adaptive reuse revitalizes obsolete buildings and contributes to urban regeneration by attracting economic investment, enhancing local identity, and promoting sustainability through the conservation of embodied energy. Moreover, preserving a silo’s cylindrical core while introducing modern features fosters a sense of continuity between past and present, reinforcing communal memory. Ultimately, the case studies underscore adaptive reuse as a practical, culturally sensitive pathway for reimagining silo buildings—one that merges historical significance, architectural creativity, and sustainable development to produce dynamic new landmarks in evolving urban landscapes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zeynep Kerem Öztürk, Ahmet Kurnaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The CODASC database for analyzing the impact of morpho-climatic characteristics of canyon streets on the concentration of air pollutants
Canyon-type urban street is one of the urban forms in which critical and harmful situations for health and the urban environment are appearing today, such as urban heat island, areas of poor ventilation, and retention areas for pollutants emitted by road traffic, heating, and concentration of industrial activities. The higher pollution levels are due to inappropriate relationships between morphological and microclimatic parameters specific to urban street canyons. Previous studies have mentioned the most common ones, namely the aspect ratio (H/W), the orientation of the street to the prevailing winds, and the vegetation. In the city of Algiers, the urban street canyon is very noticeable in two dominant urban fabrics, the medieval organic fabric and the colonial fabric dating back to the French occupation. This paper aims to explain the effect of different factors specific to urban canyons in Algiers on the concentration trend of air pollutants. By adopting the CODASC database containing data on normalized average pollutant concentrations (C+) related to different canyon street models according to aspect ratios H/W values, wind flow direction (α), tree stand density (ρs), and tree crown porosity (PVol). The results showed that LARBI BEN M'HIDI Street is more polluted than MOHAMED AZOUZI Street due to the effect of the maximum values of the aspect ratio and the density of trees on the wind behavior. The study results could provide a strategic guide for pollution mitigation to be used by urban planners in the design and implementation phases of sustainable urban development projects in Algiers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Loubna Khellaf, Meriem Naimi Ait-Aoudia, Farid Rahal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Earthquake resilience of densely populated settlements: A strategic approach to mitigate Istanbul’s earthquake risk
One of the most significant challenges confronted by earthquake-prone cities results from the urban planning strategies and interventions preferred during the construction and development efforts. The planning of infrastructure that will serve the increasing population is even more important, especially in cities that have historical importance and have evolved into large metropolises in a short time. Proper planning and renewal efforts that align with earthquake-resistant urban development strategies not only add value for all stakeholders but also help avoid significant material and moral losses caused by poorly planned urban development. Although earthquake-prone settlements have thousands of years of construction traditions, these traditions have often been replaced by modern construction techniques nowadays. In cities where the transformation from traditional to modern construction techniques is rapid and uncontrolled, a severe earthquake is more likely to cause a significant damage. Türkiye has a high earthquake risk due to its geographical location. The Main Marmara Fault is an active fault line that poses a serious threat to Istanbul. The devastating earthquake series along the East Anatolian Fault in February 2023 have once again highlighted the urgency of taking necessary precautions and preparations for the anticipated Marmara earthquake. Istanbul is one of the most historically significant metropolises in the world. Accordingly, the city has expanded by receiving immigration since the last major earthquake. Given its unique place in world history and its centuries-old role as the capital of great civilizations, it is crucial to ensure the seismic resilience in Istanbul to protect both the lives and property of its dense population and to safeguard its cultural heritage sites. The aims of this paper are to evaluate the current characteristics of Istanbul in the event of a possible earthquake, to identify potential challenges of the city and to put forward a strategic approach to improve seismic resistance of the city. The evaluation was carried out by conducting a SWOT analysis based on the physical, environmental, social and economic conditions of the city. For this purpose, firstly the previous and current urban design practices adopted in the city was evaluated. The key features effective in the construction of an earthquake resilient settlement was emphasized and taken into consideration. Besides, the crucial stakeholders and their potential contributions were also evaluated. In this context, the problems that needs to be improved are revealed and a conceptual framework of an urban planning strategy is presented to construct an earthquake resilient city that provides satisfaction to all its stakeholders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gülru Koca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Level of participation in land development: The case of Almere, Netherlands
The actors and processes change in the stages of the land development process, and the involvement of the changing actors and processes in the process is at different levels. This involvement and the dimensions of the participation of the actors may differ according to the planning approaches and practices of the country where the project is developed. Participation discussions, especially after the 2000s, have led to an increase in the practices aimed at including citizens and other actors in the planning processes. In residential land development processes, examining the balance of power between actors and participation has gained importance over the years. The dimensions of participation at each stage in land development processes are the subject of the research. This research examines the city of Homeruskwartier, Almere, Netherlands, in order to explore the dimension of participation in the land development stages. It accepts Arstein's Citizen Participation Ladder and institutional land development theory as the theoretical basis. The level of participation in the institutional land development stages of the examined example was evaluated. The findings of the study determined that the stage with the highest participation in Homeruskwartier is the construction focused on self-organization. The study also found that participation was not concentrated in a single stage in the design of the project carried out to meet the need for social housing, and that it had an effect in other stages as well. Homeruskwartier is a successful participatory and self-organization-focused housing project. It is expected that the findings of this study will form a basis for policy developers and decision-makers to create participatory land development models.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayşe Burcu Kısacık https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Flexible Model Proposals for Post-Disaster Temporary Housing in Architectural Design
Shelter is one of the most basic needs that emerged with the existence of humanity and is necessary for people to continue their lives. In addition to meeting physical needs, it also has social and cultural functions. Especially in the post-disaster process, it is essential to create temporary shelter units in the face of emerging problems. Since societies can be affected simultaneously in this process, needs must be met as quickly as possible. "Flexible container designs" are seen as a solution to this problem. Flexible container designs can provide significant advantages in meeting basic needs after a disaster and in terms of rapid intervention. The study aims to present flexible model suggestions that can be used to produce temporary shelter units. Because the production of temporary shelter units is essential in terms of flexibility due to reasons such as reusability, portability, limited design periods, etc. The study discusses the designs made by the students within the scope of the Structural System Information course of the Architecture Department of Gazi University Faculty of Architecture. The students were asked to produce solutions to problems such as the emergence of shelter needs for people after disasters, bringing containers to the need area, and serving different functions. The study reveals the value of the concepts of flexibility, portability, and modularity in the design of temporary shelter units through student designs; it emphasizes the importance of these concepts in design processes in both architectural education and architectural practices. The study will contribute to the development of innovative, flexible, and portable solutions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mazlum Kalak, Ozge Zenter, Emine Fulya Özmen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of the relationship between physical activity and park for some parks by SOPARC method in the case of Konya city (Karatay), Türkiye
In a rapidly evolving world, technological advancements have brought significant convenience to individuals. However, these developments have increasingly led to a sedentary lifestyle. The need for individuals to regain their natural right to move freely has become more pronounced. Parks, as the largest urban areas facilitating physical activity, play a critical role in addressing this need. This study examines the physical activity levels of park users in three parks in Konya, Türkiye. It also evaluates the park areas and features that enable physical activity. The research identifies the factors that either deter or encourage individuals from utilizing parks and recreational areas for physical activity. In addition, the aim was to calculate how much energy was expended by physical activity in these parks. According to the research findings, the parks have a large number of visitors. The majority of park users are female and the adult age group, while the senior age group prefers parks less. Despite the presence of visitors, inactivity is prevalent in these parks. There are large differences between the number of people in the target areas. While picnic areas are usually densely used, few people who used were observed in sports fields and walking paths. Pearson Chi-Square analysis was used to examine the differences between parks, target areas and periods, park users, and activity levels. The results indicated that among all target areas, picnic areas exhibited the lowest levels of physical activity. Based on these findings, the study offers design recommendations aimed at promoting higher levels of physical activity in parks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Esra Sivri İçöz, Ahmet Tuğrul Polat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A non-destructive testing method for the production technique of gilded ornamentation in a traditional house: XRF analysis method
Gold, with its thousands of years of history, has been used across different geographies and with various techniques, carrying diverse meanings beyond being just a metal. Similarly, a variety of techniques can be observed in the production of gold imitation. In cultural heritage buildings, determining whether such ornaments are made of real gold and identifying the production technique are crucial for making correct decisions in restoration. The knowledge and experience of craftsmen can be utilized to determine the content and production technique of the ornamentation in a cultural heritage building; however, this empirical approach is unscientific and prone to error. This study is unique and valuable as it provides information based on definitive results through an analytical and scientific approach. The material of this study is a gilded ornamentation from a traditional house in Sivas. XRF (X-rays fluorescence) analysis method was employed to understand the elemental analysis and production technique of gilded ornamentation. The aim of this study is to determine both the production technique and the elemental structure of the material through XRF analysis of the gilded ornamentation. The absence of gold in the analysis indicates that the gilding was not produced from original gold but is an imitation. When evaluating the gilding imitation techniques, the concentration of copper and zinc elements indicates that the imitation gilding was produced from a brass alloy. The zinc/copper ratio was found to match the ratio used to achieve a gold-like color. Additionally, when other techniques used for gold imitation were evaluated, the absence or trace amounts of other elements excluded those techniques. Consequently, this study presents a new approach to the literature by demonstrating the applicability of modern, non-destructive, contactless techniques like XRF analysis to the science of conservation and restoration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gamze Fahriye Pehlivan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Office market adjustment to alternative workplace strategies
Regional CGE models have been a valuable tool for regional development and regional policy analysis and can have valuable applications in real estate analysis as well. This paper describes the Colorado Real Estate (CO-RE) Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model and its application to the analysis of the impacts of alternative workplace strategies (AWS) such as office hoteling on regional property markets and the regional economy. AWS, modeled as a productivity-enhancing “technological” improvement that reduces firms’ office space requirements, is shown to spur investment in non-office sectors through a positive impact on local economic growth. The impact on local government finances may be negative due to falling office property values. The impact of a sudden, permanent drop in underlying demand for office space by office-using sectors includes dramatic if sluggish decreases in rents and increases in office vacancy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Christopher Hannum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The importance of water-sensitive planning and design approaches for resilience to flood disaster risk in Istanbul: Evaluation of examples in Çatalca and Beykoz districts
Nowadays, climatic changes are coming to the forefront of the global agenda due to their significant impact. Effects can be seen on rainfall and the hydraulic cycle, the number of disasters such as landslides, floods, and flash floods, which are especially increasing in cities. In recent times, flood and flash flood events have adversely affected many settlement areas in Istanbul. Istanbul, which is the main agglomeration of the country, has expanded spatially towards the urban peripheries due to population growth. The study focuses on the innovative basic principles of water-sensitive planning and design approaches for flood risk reduction, which have gained importance in light of international debates. In this context, the study examines the conditions for developing water-sensitive planning and design approaches in Istanbul and makes recommendations. For this purpose, a comprehensive and detailed literature review was conducted and scientific documents such as articles, international-national conventions, institutional research reports and national legislation were utilized. The study aims to determine the current situation in the areas where flood disasters occur in Istanbul, to identify the causes of the disasters, to question whether the land use decisions and urban planning approaches in the existing legal-administrative structure consider the risk factors for reducing flood disasters. Çatalca district, which is located on the urban periphery of the European side of the city, is very rich in water resources and is where the highest loss of life and material damage occurred in the flood disaster of 2009, was selected as the sample area in the study. Beykoz district, which is located on the periphery of the Anatolian side of Istanbul and very rich in water resources, was selected as another sample area. Within the scope of the study, data were obtained through interviews with relevant local institutions and organizations. Previous studies and existing data on the sample areas have been compiled and evaluated. When the practices of the institutions in the sample locations are examined, it is understood that the method of protection distances determined by legislation for the prevention of flood risk in stream beds is insufficient. In areas where flood risk is experienced, it is tried to be prevented by rehabilitation of streams. There is no holistic approach with planning decisions at the basin scale. As the population, settlement area and impervious surfaces increase in the basins where stream rehabilitation is carried out at high costs, these projects will be insufficient to prevent flood risk. Water-sensitive urban planning and design approaches with participatory and collaborative processes in basin scale should be start for resilience to flood disaster risk in Istanbul.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hale Mamunlu Kocabaş https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clay 3D printing: Exploring the interrelations of materials and techniques
This research aims to design an algorithm for optimizing clay 3DP. The algorithm's inputs are defined by combining the results of previous research and specific clay information selected from different regions of Anatolia, utilizing the design of experiment methodology. The design parameters include angle, profile and height; printing parameters include compressor pressure, speed, and layer height; and material parameters are assessed through drop spike, tube pressure, and flow rate tests. Once the inputs and their computation ranges were defined, the algorithm was tested with various inputs and corresponding physical prints to evaluate its recommendation capability. The test prints demonstrated that the printing suggestions made by the algorithm for design, printing and material parameters were suitable for the given parameter inputs. With its current state, the research is not an expert tool for recommendation but a base of a more complex framework for further research.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asena Kumsal Şen Bayram, Emel Cantürk Akyıldız https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Field study on determining the impact of design decisions on energy efficiency at settlement scale
Urban settlement patterns are a major factor affecting regional energy consumption and are also one of the causes of energy consumption from buildings on a global scale. For this reason, it is an important and necessary approach to ensure energy efficiency in settlement and structural scales, especially in large-scale projects designed in dense urban fabric, considering the various effects they will cause. Within the scope of this study, the effects of buildings on their surroundings at the settlement and structural scales are analyzed through a group of buildings that contain many functions within the urban fabric and spread over a large area. It is planned to determine the effects of the buildings within the scope of a multi-unit project consisting of a total of 10 blocks in Sakarya Serdivan and opened in 2021, which is clearly separated from the surrounding settlement, on the dense residential, commercial and educational units around them, considering environmental factors in the context of energy efficiency. With this study, it is aimed to reveal the importance of the decisions taken at the design stages for sustainable settlement planning within the urban texture. For this purpose, firstly, a literature review was conducted on the contribution of decisions taken at the settlement and structural form scales in preventing/reducing energy consumption and energy efficient design criteria for the geographical location of the building group under consideration. In this direction, it is aimed to determine the compliance of the buildings in the existing design with these criteria and the effects of the buildings on the built environment at close scale and on the built environment with Autodesk Forma software, which can perform solar analysis, microclimate and comfort analysis with artificial intelligence support by enabling environmental analysis at these scales. Thus, the environmental impacts caused by the building group within itself and within the urban fabric and their relations with settlement geometries such as building layout types, building orientation and forms of buildings were evaluated.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ceren Aydan Nasır, Elif Özer Yüksel, Seher Güzelçoban Mayuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An integrated and inclusive methodology for municipal resilience against multiple crises
This article seeks to explore flexible approaches to integrating resilience into urban governance. With this perspective, it evaluates the transformation of RESLOG- Türkiye Project’s resilience assessment methodology, developed to access local governments’ resilience against Syrian migration, into a holistic approach to access the impacts of 6th February earthquakes on local governments. The article gives background information about the project and the resilience assessment method, then explains in detail the earthquake adjusted version and elaborates its implementation over the case study conducted for Mersin Metropolitan Municipality.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ervin Sezgin, Burcu Özüpak Güleç, Sezin Üskent, Metehan Gültaşlı https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Embracing the slow life: Assessing the performance of Turkey’s slow cities in promoting sustainable urban resilience
This study examines and interprets the position of a slow city, or "Cittaslow", within sustainable urban planning that was caused by the adverse effects of globalisation, the Industrial Revolution and modernism. "Cittaslow" in Turkey is evaluated based on slow city projects, and the senses of each city, taking into account the current situation of sustainable urban planning. It defines and analyses sustainable urban planning throughout time, and processes sustainability as a term in various approaches. Slow city membership criteria were analyzed for the selected 7 slow cities in Turkey and the results were presented. Throughout these evaluations and suggestions, it is observed that sustainable urban planning and the Cittaslow movement are parallel to each other regarding urban life indicators. Finally, it is concluded that by integrating the criteria of Cittaslow into the cities, the Cittaslow movement can be implemented as a local, sustainable city development model.
Copyright (c) 2024 Selma Aydoğan, Şule Filiz Akşit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A tale of Aliağa: Transformation from a farm to an industrial hub
Within capitalist production relations, industrialization processes and policies change and transform settlements socially, economically and spatially. This change and transformation also change the hierarchy and gradation system between settlements, which are described as urban systems. In this context, Aliağa is an important settlement located in İzmir, the third largest metropolis in Turkey, and has been referred to as an industrial zone since the 1960s and has strategic importance as a national and international import and export port. While it was a rural settlement where farm and farm workers lived, it has been transformed into a settlement where macro-scale investment decisions such as special industrial zones, organized industrial zones, industrial areas, energy conversion facilities, thermal power plants, ports, railways and highways are located. While this process is still dynamic, it has become an important settlement chosen by large capital integrated into international production and value chain networks. While industrial areas have increased more than 3-fold in the district between 1990 and 2018, capital accumulation continues to accelerate with new investment decisions. Today, the fact that it hosts the country's largest foreign-capital companies (PETKİM, TÜPRAŞ, HABAŞ, SOCAR, NEMPORT, STAR Rafineri, etc.) and that the ship dismantling facilities, which are the only ship recycling facilities in the country, are located here, carries the district to an important position. When examined in terms of İzmir cargo regimes in 2020 (export, import, cabotage and transit), having one of the most important ports of the country with a share of 75.1% (İzmir Development Agency; 2022) has also brought the district to the forefront, and the settlement has entered a rapid change and transformation process. This study analyzes the historicity of the industrialization, capital concentration and spatial transformation processes of Aliağa district using qualitative (examination of studies on the historicity of Aliağa) and quantitative data-based (ISO 1000 company ranking, satellite images, plan studies) methods. It analyzes the "growth" adventure of a village settlement that has a population of over 100 thousand at the end of a 70-year period and has become an industrial city with industrial zones, ports and energy infrastructures, and the growth process initiated by public investments guided by development plans, which accelerated and transformed with the impetus of private sector investments, by analyzing the periodic development of capital accumulation and industrialization dynamics. This study differs from the literature by analyzing the spatiality of capital accumulation cycles and contributes to the literature by analyzing how the tendency of capital accumulation affects its spatial change and transformation in the example of Aliağa district.
Copyright (c) 2024 Umut Erdem, Neslihan Karataş, Tüzin Baycan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The evolving landscape of Istanbul's coffee shops: Navigating disruption in a changing urban environment
During the final quarter of the last century, Istanbul experienced rapid population growth with increases in income, an expanded free trade economy, and the influence of greater globalization. Together, these stimulated an increase in the demands for new services. One of these demands was answered by an influx of coffee shop chains, and this effected both the growth patterns of traditional coffee houses and introduced a new lifestyle. Despite the closure of many businesses due to economic crises, coffee shops are increasing in number. This paper investigates the spatial distribution of coffee shops with respect to the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of several selected districts by using regression analysis. The number of coffee shops is taken as the dependent variable and the social life index and the proportion of the population aged over 65 are used as independent variables. These were chosen through an evaluation of several characteristics of the districts under discussion. According to the results, the location of coffee shops in Istanbul is affected more by a district’s social life index and by the proportion of its population which is aged over 65 than the other characteristics of the districts. The impact of the multi-center development on the distribution of coffee shops is explained. the balanced distribution of coffee shops with respect to other small businesses is suggested for further research.
Copyright (c) 2024 Vedia Dökmeci, Ayse Buket Önem, Kerem Yavuz Arslanlı https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modeling demand factors for sustainable reconstruction: Insights from Türkiye's earthquake-affected real estate market
The devastating impacts of the February 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye have underscored the urgent need for resilient and sustainable reconstruction in disaster-affected areas. This research paper explores the potential for low carbon investments in the real estate sector to drive the recovery and redevelopment of earthquake-impacted regions. By leveraging demand modeling techniques and analyzing key market indicators, the study aims to identify investment opportunities that can deliver both economic and environmental benefits. The paper draws upon a comprehensive dataset spanning 81 cities from 2013 to 2022, enabling a robust analysis of residential market dynamics, energy consumption patterns, and socioeconomic factors. Through the application of random-effects GLS regression, the research uncovers the determinants of housing demand and the viability of low carbon interventions in post-disaster settlements. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and real estate professionals seeking to promote sustainable and resilient reconstruction efforts. By highlighting the potential for low carbon investments to stimulate economic recovery while mitigating climate change impacts, this paper contributes to the growing body of knowledge on green real estate and disaster risk management.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayşe Buket Önem, Kerem Yavuz Arslanlı, Maral Taşçılar, Cemre Özipek, Maide Dönmez, Belinay Hira Güney, Şule Tağtekin, Candan Bodur, Yulia Beşik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of phase change materials on building heating and cooling load considering different wall combinations
In this study, energy analyzes were carried out on a sample building for wall types where 3 main materials (brick, concrete block, aerated concrete) and 3 different insulation materials were used in different combinations, taking into account the situations with and without PCM. Building heating and cooling loads for 39 different scenarios derived in this way were determined by taking into account the coldest and hottest days of the year and also as the total energy need during the year. Analyzes were made with the Design Builder program and the results are presented with tables and graphs. By comparing and classifying the total energy loads of wall samples created for 39 different scenarios during the year, wall types that gave more positive results were determined. Three different PCM types with melting temperatures of 21 °C, 23 °C and 29 °C were used in the analyses. Based on the main material of the wall, three walls with the best performance among their main materials were initially determined. Then, among the wall types consisting of these 3 main materials (brick, concrete block, aerated concrete), the walls that showed the best performance were determined among the combinations created with the addition of insulation material and PCM. According to the results of the simulations, 25% energy savings were achieved when only insulation materials (XPS, EPS, Rock Wool) were used in the building envelope, and 9% energy savings were achieved when only PCM was used. By using PCM and insulation materials (XPS, EPS, Rock Wool) together, 30% energy savings were achieved.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mustafa Özdemir , Ayça Gülten https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A reading of 'place attachment' in spatial perception: The case of KTU department of architecture
The concept of space, the fundamental object of architecture, is perceived through sensory experiences, with prior spatial experiences playing a significant role in this process. Cultural diversity leads to variations in the spatial behavior of societies in different geographies, meaning that individuals experiencing the same structure may connect space, meaning, and place in diverse ways. This research builds upon Edward Relph’s Place and Placelessness, which examines the phenomenological dis-course on "how places are experienced and how they change." It focuses on the concept of "place attachment," defined as the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral bond formed at the intersection of the experiencing body and the experienced space. The Architecture Department at KTU, recognized for its accessibility and its role in training students proficient in architectural terminology and skilled in designing future spaces, has been selected as the focus of this study. The research aimed to derive semantic interpretations of the physical, emotional, and social dimensions of place, following the three categories Relph used in his analysis of place. A semi-structured interview technique with predetermined open-ended questions was employed, and participants were asked to create memory maps based on the building plan. Data analysis provided insights into how users perceived the study area, identifying spaces where a sense of attachment was strong. Conversely, areas perceived as "non-places," evoking a sense of being "out of place," were highlighted. Suggestions were offered for improving such negative spaces and guiding future research.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zafer İslam Taşdemir, Aslıhan Öztürk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Towards sustainable cities: Evaluating the distribution and functionality of green spaces in Atakum
The rapid increase in urbanization has led to a concentration of population and buildings, resulting in reduced green spaces and disrupted ecological balance. This trend negatively affects the well-being and quality of life in cities. Designing green spaces according to planning standards and protecting these areas is crucial for the sustainability of urban environments and the preservation of livable spaces for future generations. In light of these challenges, it is vital to preserve and expand green spaces for both environmental and social reasons. This study aims to evaluate the spatial distribution, size, and adequacy of existing green spaces in 16 neighborhoods of Atakum, a district in Samsun that has recently undergone intense urbanization. It also assesses the accessibility of these spaces using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The analysis of urban green spaces in Atakum was conducted through spatial and buffer zone analyses using the Spatial Analyst tool in ARCGIS 10.7, revealing the current situation of these vital areas. The findings highlight the significance of green spaces in ensuring livable and sustainable urban development, especially in rapidly urbanizing areas. The research identifies substantial disparities in the distribution and accessibility of open and green spaces in Atakum, indicating an urgent need for improved urban planning. Using GIS analysis, the study compares the availability of green spaces against the World Health Organization’s recommended standard of 10 m² per person. Results show that many neighborhoods fall short of this benchmark, a situation exacerbated by rapid urbanization and population growth. This deficit adversely impacts residents' physical and mental well-being, as adequate green space is essential for public health, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, the analysis reveals that existing green spaces primarily serve recreational purposes and lack multifunctionality, limiting their usability for diverse community needs. To address these deficiencies, the study recommends a multi-faceted urban planning approach, emphasizing the equitable distribution of green spaces, the design of multifunctional areas, and robust community engagement in the planning process. It also stresses the need for stronger legal frameworks to preserve and create green spaces, advocating for the integration of research and data analysis to inform evidence-based policies. In conclusion, this research contributes to understanding how urban green spaces can enhance livability, particularly in the context of climate resilience. The findings underscore the importance of strategic planning in fostering sustainable and inclusive urban environments in Atakum, offering valuable insights for future urban studies in similar contexts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Deniz Yıldız Uslu, Hafith Mohammed Sulayman Almansouri, Amragia H. Mostafa Elahsadi, Mehmet Cetin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diyarbakır Hasan Pasha Inn: A thorough evaluation of risk analysis and accessibility concerns
The importance of accessibility in maintaining historical and cultural structures is evident across all facets of society. It is crucial to ensure that these structures remain secure, readily available, and sustainable, as they represent significant cultural heritage for both the local community and tourists. In this study, the risk analysis and accessibility status of the historic Hasan Pasha Inn in Diyarbakır’s Sur district were thoroughly explored. The Inn holds a significant historical and cultural location on Gazi Street, across from the Ulu Mosque. The primary goals of the research are to identify current risks, conduct a methodical analysis, and offer suggestions for risk mitigation. The Inn’s accessibility was assessed by aligning headings with the accessibility guide. The analysis utilized the 5x5 L-type matrix method to systematically evaluate risks based on specific criteria and determine their relative importance. Risk factors were categorized as minor (0–6), medium (8–12), major (16–20), and disaster (25 and above). A total of 31 risks were identified and grouped under different headings. Precautions were suggested for each risk with the goal of reducing the Inn’s overall risk levels. Measures such as improving physical access, enhancing emergency preparedness, implementing safety measures, and undertaking maintenance and repair projects are being pursued to promote tourism and enhance safety in the neighborhood for both locals and visitors. The study concludes by outlining the necessary actions to improve accessibility and safety at the Hasan Pasha Inn, while also contributing to the preservation of this historic building. The proposed measures aim to make the Inn more accessible to both locals and tourists, and to ensure the sustainability of this culturally significant site. The findings of the study will serve as a valuable resource for enhancing accessibility standards and conserving historic buildings. The limited number of publications on accessibility in historical buildings reveals the need to raise awareness in this field and offer solution suggestions; Therefore, the work we carry out is of great importance. It is expected that this study will offer insights for future risk analyses and accessibility evaluations of similar structures.
Copyright (c) 2024 Menşure Kübra Müezzinoğlu, Barış Barış https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effects of Sinop province’s relative humidity values on bioclimatic comfort and urban and landscape planning
This study examines the monthly average relative humidity values in different districts of Sinop province and evaluates the impact of these data on urban and landscape planning. The relative humidity rates from January to December showed significant differences between districts. The highest relative humidity values were mostly observed in the Erfelek district, while the lowest values were recorded in the Türkeli and Boyabat districts. Seasonal changes caused fluctuations in relative humidity rates, with higher humidity levels detected particularly during the winter months. These data are crucial for understanding the climatic conditions of Sinop province and for making strategic decisions in areas such as agriculture, water management, and urban planning. The study specifically recommends the development of landscape planning and water conservation strategies in areas with high relative humidity. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to study the long-term effects of climate change and the necessity of continuous monitoring. Finally, this study provides an important data source for local governments and future research.
Copyright (c) 2024 İlknur Zeren Çetin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Importance of indicators in sustainable urban transformation: The Bağcılar (Istanbul) sustainability index experience
Sustainable urban transformation practices play a critical role in implementing the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of sustainable development in cities. Sustainability indices are important parameters for achieving sustainable development goals. The use of these indices supports the making of strategic decisions for the future of cities, such as in urban transformation practices. Indicators and data are defined as vital tools for evaluating the success of sustainability policies and monitoring the economic, environmental, and social performance of cities. Establishing more comprehensive and accessible data collection systems at the local level and effectively sharing this data is crucial for developing policies based on these indices. This study aims to emphasize the critical importance of sustainable urban transformation practices in relation to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by showcasing the experiences gained during the development of a Sustainability Index for Bağcılar, a densely urbanized district in Istanbul. Bağcılar offers an important area of study in terms of sustainability with its dynamics such as rapid population growth, dense construction and socio-economic differences. Planning urban transformation projects within the framework of sustainability principles is a strategic necessity for Istanbul and similar metropolitan cities. By establishing a system that tracks regular, reliable, and internationally standardized data, it will be possible to create measurable, reportable, and comparable targets for sustainable urban transformation practices. However, in developing countries like Turkey, deficiencies in data collection and analysis processes make it difficult to achieve sustainability goals. This study suggests that improving data collection processes and increasing transparency are fundamental steps to ensuring sustainable urban transformation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sezen Tarakçı, G. Pelin Olcay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A theoretical framework on embodiment in digital design
This article presents a theoretical discussion on the need for developing digital design environments that can strengthen our relations with the tangible, tacit, and implicit dimensions of design cognition. It synthesizes relevant concepts and theories in the field of phenomenology, addressing creative design thinking. It suggests that designer's tacit ways of knowing can be accommodated in digital design practices by developing tools that allow intuitive and embodied interactions. To this end, it points out specific concepts, methods, and theories within Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research, arguing that they can enable the development of better digital design tools that can cope with complex human perceptual mechanisms, including touch, as an extension of both body and mind, and that can encompass the implicit areas inherent in design knowledge. Therefore, concerning the creative design disciplines, it highlights the importance of closely following the findings of research within HCI that are relevant to design knowledge and its implementation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Serdar Aşut, Arzu Erdem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From commerce to art: Transformation of intervention through the interactions of virtual and urban space in Karaköy
Having been subject to various spatial interferences amid rapid urbanization, Karaköy is one of Istanbul’s central neighbourhoods whose identity has significantly transformed in the last years. This paper focuses on Karaköy’s streets which were once the centre of trade, have now been replaced by artistic collective constructs. The study aims to document this transformation, considering various physical and social aspects of urban space, while highlighting a new form of “urban intervention” through virtual spaces. It questions how virtual environments can be considered as a mode of intervention in urban space and delves into the transitions from ordinary commerce places to artistic urban spaces. Validating user-space interaction, the technological interference of social networks with physical space creates virtual centres of attraction, improving the popularity of places. The field research focuses on the environs of Tersane Avenue, Mumhane Avenue and Ali Paşa Değirmeni Street in Karaköy, attending to spaces where commerce once took place –now replaced by artistic collective constructs and articulations. Captured virtual-spatial interventions are operationalized in three stages: First, functional transformations are analysed at the street-scale. This is followed by analyzing images and quantitative data extracted from social network databases. Finally, the up-to-date spatial analyses are constructed, and the intersections of virtual and urban spaces are evaluated. Findings show that the user experience and pleasure-based design elements bear the interaction between virtual and urban space, additionally, the virtual-spatial intervention encompasses the transformation of urban space beyond conventional practices aimed at structural and functional change.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tuba Sarı, Nurhilal Burak, Rümeysa Bayar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban parks in developing countries: Challenges and opportunities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
The scarcity of well-functioning green spaces in the rapidly growing urban centers of developing countries poses significant challenges, hindering the well-being and quality of life for urban populations. Urban parks, often referred to as the "lungs of the city," have the potential to alleviate these challenges, yet their benefits are not always evident. This study explores the challenges and opportunities faced by urban parks in developing countries through a comparative analysis of Janmeda Park and Entoto Park in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The research assesses key dimensions, including accessibility, sociability, comfort, image projection, and management/maintenance. These elements are vital for understanding how well urban parks serve their communities and contribute to urban development. While Janmeda Park, despite its historical importance, struggles with physical and operational challenges, Entoto Park’s well-designed amenities, management, and safety provide a model for future park developments. The study offers recommendations to improve urban parks, such as enhancing accessibility, fostering sociability, ensuring user comfort and safety, strengthening image projection, integrating cultural and historical elements, and improving management and maintenance. It also highlights the importance of monitoring and evaluating park performance. These recommendations aim to guide urban planners and policymakers in enhancing urban parks, thereby supporting community well-being and promoting effective urban development. The insights provided are intended to inform better practices for urban park planning and management, contributing to more vibrant and functional green spaces in developing cities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bruktawit Getachew Kebede, Devrim Yücel Besim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the impact of landscape design on user preferences in shopping centers post the COVID-19 Pandemic
This study explores the impact of landscape design, which has gained importance alongside architectural changes in shopping centers, and investigates preferences in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. Although e-commerce has increased during the pandemic, research and societal behaviors suggest that shopping centers will continue to serve as contemporary agoras due to their socialization and leisure functions. However, in response to the pandemic, it is anticipated that newly designed shopping centers will be architecturally conceived as semi-outdoor or outdoor spaces, regardless of climate conditions. This transformation will involve the softening of rigid appearances through landscape elements, making them both ecologically and psychologically sustainable. The number of studies on this subject is limited. To address this knowledge gap, an online survey was conducted with 586 randomly selected users across nine shopping centers located in three major cities of Turkey: Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir, with three shopping centers in each city. The survey investigated users' preferences for architectural styles (indoor, semi-outdoor, or outdoor) and landscape design in shopping centers. The findings of the study indicate that post-pandemic, outdoor and semi-outdoor shopping centers are likely to be preferred more frequently. An emphasis is likely to be placed on natural landscape elements such as plants and water features in landscape design. Furthermore, shopping center designs are likely to become simpler, offering comfortable and spacious navigation areas while optimizing parking and transportation conditions. This study is expected to shed light on decision-making processes for future shopping centers. By incorporating consumer preferences, architects can enhance the sustainability of shopping center investments through next-generation design.
Copyright (c) 2024 Özlem Nur Aslantamer, Hüseyin Emre Ilgın https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Computational earthquake management: An educational perspective
This article presents an educational undertaking to integrate earthquake management subjects into the curriculum, specifically in a master’ s-level design studio course within an architecture faculty. The course explores the employment of challenge-based learning (CBL) and self-directed learning (SDL) principles, emphasizing computation for earthquake resilience and recovery. It is taught with a teaching team with diverse expertise, and it is formulated as an interdisciplinary learning environment that leads to the development of projects that explore know-how beyond the typical disciplinary boundaries of the students’ backgrounds. The article suggests that employing the principles of CBL and SDL, emphasizing computational thinking as a transversal competence, and introducing digital technologies into the course content and teaching methods can lead to an effective interdisciplinary learning environment that improves students’ motivation and agency. They can allow the students to take the initiative in extending their disciplinary knowledge and encourage their self-positioning as problem solvers. The projects formulated and developed by the students address all four phases of earthquake management through computational methods and digital technologies. Accordingly, it is suggested that computational earthquake management can be studied as an interdisciplinary research field that can address all phases of earthquake management, influencing both educational and professional domains. This article presents this course’s pedagogical approach, learning methods, and outcomes. It is concluded with an evaluation of this experience, highlighting directions towards future research. It is suggested that it can give insights into the effective integration of this subject into education and influence future research and professional explorations at the intersection of computation and earthquake management within interdisciplinary learning environments.
architecture and built environment education
Copyright (c) 2024 Serdar Aşut https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monastery heritage as a tool for reconciliation pre-post earthquake: The case of Saint Simeon Monastery
Preserving heritage ensures it is passed to future generations, cultural heritage is crucial in shaping community’s identity through this journey. Religious heritage has huge importance in continuation and give sense of belonging within religious communities. Monastery heritage has a crucial role in safeguarding the rich past and traditions of monastic communities, with a focus on their religious and societal significance. Antioch is a city, a home of coexistence. Beside the city’s rich culture, the city is known as central point promoting reconciliation through three main monotheistic religions. The city has faced several earthquakes in history, it was completely destroyed and later rebuilt again. Unfortunately, recently an earthquake occurred and destroyed not only the historical religious buildings but the greatness of coexistence. Reconciliation is the key of healing after the disaster by fostering unity, comprehension and collaboration. Saint Simeon Monastery in Antioch is a significant example of resilience, rebirth, and reconciliation, as evidenced by the references to its response to challenges in its history. Preservation of the monastery should include physical and psychological strategies so that the place can welcome everyone, heal, and coexist with its values and characteristics post-challenge. The research aims to create a framework to increase cultural awareness within the community about the importance of Saint Simeon Monastery as religious heritage site. This will promote to build the bridge of reconciliation post-earthquake. Method of the study includes both quantitative and qualitative research to examine the significance of Saint Simeon Monastery’s religious history brings communities together in Antioch after the earthquake.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bilge Kalkan, Kağan Günçe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilizing the vegetation health index to assess agricultural drought in the Constantine Region of Algeria
This research employs remote sensing techniques to map agricultural drought in the Constantine region of Algeria during the years 2021 to 2023. Using Landsat images processed through the Google Earth Engine platform, three indices (NDVI, VHI, and SPI) were calculated. The findings indicate deterioration in both climatic conditions and vegetation health. Specifically, NDVI and SPI exhibit decreases, while VHI shows an increase, signaling heightened water stress. The inverse relationship between NDVI and VHI underscores the connection between water availability and vegetation health. Additionally, a detailed analysis reveals severe drought conditions in the Southwestern part of the region. This study showcases the value of utilizing remote sensing technology on the Google Earth Engine platform for monitoring climate and vegetation patterns over space and time. These insights can help in forecasting the effects of climate change on agriculture and inform the adoption of suitable strategies to ensure food security.
Copyright (c) 2024 Benoumeldjadj Maya, Malika Rached-Kanouni, Abdelouahab Bouchareb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Methodological framework of the emotional dimension in the built space for an architectural quality
Architecture quality is complex due to a number of factors. Some of these factors implicitly engage in deep reflection on architectural space, then they end up having a significant impact on the user’s architectural experience. For the purposes of this paper, experience is considered as any contact between the user and the built environment through the architectural space, where the impact will be the result of both objective and subjective factors. Among these subjective aspects, we focus on the emotional dimension of the user's experience. This theoretical article will address this issue using an inductive approach. The main purpose is to examine the role of each of the following elements: firstly, the architect's perception of architectural space, in particular in relation to the traditional duel between form/space or geometry/architecture; secondly, the impact of emotion which is thought to be most closely related to human nature in promoting architectural quality; and finally, we will attempt to define the methodology that will enable the architect to address this emotional dimension in such a technical practice. The desired and appropriate methodological frame is intended to provide a scientific solution to the potential conflict between subjective and objective factors from the disciplines and participants involved. To do so, it should represent the first level (level-0 methodological framework) where the user-centered approach takes precedence and coordinates between architects, environmental psychologists and neuroscientists to prepare the quantitative and qualitative data needed to support the next level (level-1: architectural design), which is primarily the responsibility of the architect.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hadjer Zeghichi, Said Mazouz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital game-based learning in architecture education: Consolidating visual design principles in freshmen
Using games as educational tools has been a captivating subject in the academic domain. There is an increasing number of digital games designed to support architectural education. This paper introduces a serious game aimed at enhancing basic design knowledge for first-year architecture students. The game focuses on teaching and testing visual design principles such as emphasis, balance, and rhythm. Based on these principles, it allows students to create 2D compositions on a grid pattern by placing and manipulating simple shapes in terms of color, shape, and size. The final composition is evaluated by an artificial intelligence (AI) tool integrated into the game. This AI tool predicts the design principles present in the composition, providing three possible outcomes with associated percentages. The game, currently in the testing phase, has been played by 126 first-year students, and user experience has been assessed through questionnaires, surveys, and basic game metrics. The use of this game to teach visual design principles has proven to be an effective method for engaging students in active learning and enhancing their understanding and application of design concepts. The innovative use of AI to provide real-time feedback and the interactive nature of the game have fostered a deeper, experiential learning process. Additionally, students have proposed various innovative ideas to improve the gaming experience, suggesting potential enhancements that could lead to a more refined and enjoyable gameplay. These insights highlight the potential of digital game-based learning (DGBL) and AI-enhanced tools in creating an engaging and effective educational environment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asli Cekmis, Mert Karakaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Capturing the social values of a mix-used university campus outdoor: An assessment of the Agricultural University of Tirana
Although mixed-use campuses are recognized by designers, little attention is paid to the social values that their outdoor environment generates for the wider community. Aiming to identify social values, the methodology used in this study includes a survey that is applied via an online questionnaire (N=156) to explore users’ perceptions about the values the campus produces to translate into indicators of wellbeing. This study’s aim is to identify indicators of wellbeing that can capture campus social value, referring to a continuously changing campus (Agricultural University of Tirana). The results indicate that the social and cultural benefits that come from a mixed-use campus are related to the adequacy of physical outdoor environments and social activities. However, compared to mixed-use spaces, outdoor spaces that preserve the functions of agricultural backgrounds (as originally designed) have higher social values. We suggest that both physical and non-physical determinants play a basic role in enhancing social interaction (this is a strong indicator), so they must be included in the policies and strategies of the higher education systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Odeta Manahasa, Manjola Logli, Edmond Manahasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0