A non-destructive testing method for the production technique of gilded ornamentation in a traditional house: XRF analysis method

Authors

  • Gamze Fahriye Pehlivan image/svg+xml Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi

    Gamze Fahriye PEHLIVAN graduated from the Department of Architecture of Trakya University. She obtained her master’s degree from the same university. She took some master lessons in the Restoration Department of Yıldız Technical University. She specializes in preserving cultural heritage. She has been an Associate Professor of the Architecture Department of Sivas Cumhuriyet University.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47818/DRArch.2025.v6i2168

Keywords:

NDT, gilding, gilding imitation, XRF analysis, gold

Abstract

Gold, with its thousands of years of history, has been used across different geographies and with various techniques, carrying diverse meanings beyond being just a metal. Similarly, a variety of techniques can be observed in the production of gold imitation. In cultural heritage buildings, determining whether such ornaments are made of real gold and identifying the production technique are crucial for making correct decisions in restoration.

The knowledge and experience of craftsmen can be utilized to determine the content and production technique of the ornamentation in a cultural heritage building; however, this empirical approach is unscientific and prone to error. This study is unique and valuable as it provides information based on definitive results through an analytical and scientific approach. The material of this study is a gilded ornamentation from a traditional house in Sivas. XRF (X-rays fluorescence) analysis method was employed to understand the elemental analysis and production technique of gilded ornamentation. The aim of this study is to determine both the production technique and the elemental structure of the material through XRF analysis of the gilded ornamentation. The absence of gold in the analysis indicates that the gilding was not produced from original gold but is an imitation. When evaluating the gilding imitation techniques, the concentration of copper and zinc elements indicates that the imitation gilding was produced from a brass alloy. The zinc/copper ratio was found to match the ratio used to achieve a gold-like color. Additionally, when other techniques used for gold imitation were evaluated, the absence or trace amounts of other elements excluded those techniques. Consequently, this study presents a new approach to the literature by demonstrating the applicability of modern, non-destructive, contactless techniques like XRF analysis to the science of conservation and restoration.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

  • Acquafredda, P. (2019). XRF technique. Physical Sciences Reviews, 4(8), 20180171. https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2018-0171
  • Anheuser, K. (1997). The practice and characterization of historic fire gilding techniques. JOM, 49, 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-997-0015-6
  • Balıkçı, B. (2007). İstanbul müzelerinde bulunan bezemeli dekoratif cam eserler. [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Selçuk Üniversitesi.
  • Barcellos Lins, S. A., Ridolfi, S., Gigante, G. E., Cesareo, R., Albini, M., Riccucci, C., di Carlo, G., Fabbri, A., Branchini, P., & Tortora, L. (2020). Differential X-ray attenuation in MA-XRF analysis for a non-invasive determination of gilding thickness. Frontiers in Chemistry, 8: 175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00175
  • Bersch, J. D., Verdum, G., Guerra, F. L., Socoloski, R. F., Giordani, C., Zucchetti, L., & Masuero, A. B. (2021). Diagnosis of pathological manifestations and characterization of the mortar coating from the facades of historical buildings in Porto Alegre — Brazil: A case study of Château and Observatório Astronômico. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15(8), 1145-1169. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1771475
  • Bicchieri, M., Biocca, P., Caliri, C., Vostal, F., Vostal, L., & Romano, F. P. (2020). Determining old Chinese non-circulating paper money’s authenticity using μ-Raman and MA-XRF spectroscopies. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 46, 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.07.006
  • Bray, W. (1993). Techniques of gilding and surface-enrichment in pre-Hispanic American metallurgy. Ed. Susan La Niece, Paul Craddock, Metal Plating and Patination, Butterworth-Heinemann, 182-192, ISBN 9780750616119. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-1611-9.50020-0
  • Britannica, (2016, December 12). Gilding. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/gilding
  • Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (1998, July 20). Dutch metal. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/Dutch-metal
  • Brocchieri, J., Scialla, E., Manzone, A., Graziano O. G., D'Onofrio, A., & Sabbarese, C. (2022a). An analytical characterization of different gilding techniques on artworks from the Royal Palace (Caserta, Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 57, 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.08.014
  • Brocchieri, J., Scialla, E., Manzone, A., Graziano O. G., D’Onofrio A., & Sabbarese C. (2022b). The gilding technique on lead objects of the Royal Palace Incaserta (Italy) studied by pXRF. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 29-43.
  • Cavallo, G., & Verda, M. (2008). Historical, microanalytical evidences and limits of non-invasive technologies in studying gildings on 16th wall paintings. 9th International Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem Israel, 25-30 May 2008, 1-5. https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?MainSource=65&rppoffset=100
  • Cession, C. (1990). The surface layers of baroque gildings: Examination, conservation, restoration. Studies in Conservation, 35(sup1), 33-35. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1990.35.s1.008
  • Colomban, P., Kırmızı, B., Clais, B. J., & Gironda, M. (2020). An on-site Raman and pXRF study of Joseph Coteau and Philippe Parpette’s jewelled porcelain: A summit of ceramic art. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 46, 82-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.06.008
  • Craddock, P. T. (1978). The composition of the copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilizations: 3. the origins and early use of brass. Journal of Archaeological Science, 5(1), 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(78)90015-8
  • Craddock, P. T., Cowell, M., & Stead, I. (2004). Britain’s first brass. The Antiquaries Journal, 84, 339-346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000358150004587X
  • Çetinkaya, T. (2010). Yüzey modifiye edilmiş nanokompozit killerde XRF karakterizasyonu. [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Sakarya Üniversitesi.
  • Darque-Ceretti, E., & Aucouturier, M. (2013). Gilding for matter decoration and sublimation. A brief history of the artisanal technical know-how. International Journal of Conservation Science, 4, 647-660.
  • Darque-Ceretti, E., Felder, E., & Aucouturier, M. (2013). Gilding of cultural heritage artefacts: An elaborated technology. Surface Engineering, 29(2), 146-152. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743294412Y.0000000068
  • Di Castro Silva, M., Do Rocio de Mello Maron da Costa, M., Velosa, A. L. P. L., & Torres, M. I. M. (2025). Mineralogical characterization of mortars in ancient Portuguese tile and embrechado restorations: The cases of Maceió (AL) and Salvador (BA). International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2025.2450442
  • Duran, A., Perez-Rodríguez, J. L., Jimenez de Haro, M. C., Herrera, L. K., & Justo, A. (2008). Degradation of gold and false golds used as gildings in the cultural heritage of Andalusia, Spain. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 9(2), 184-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2007.10.005
  • Fan, X., Harbottle, G., Gao, Q., Zhou, W., Gong, Q., Wang, H., Yug, X., & Wang C. (2012). Brass before bronze? Early copper-alloy metallurgy in China. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 27(5), 821-826. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JA10257A
  • Fanti, G., & Furlan, C. (2020). Do gold particles from the Turin Shroud indicate its presence in the Middle East during the Byzantine Empire?. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 42, 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.07.020
  • Figueiredo, E., Silva, R. J. C., Araújo, M. F., & Senna-Martinez, J. C. (2010). Identification of ancient gilding technology and Late Bronze Age metallurgy by EDXRF, Micro-EDXRF, SEM-EDS and metallographic techniques. Microchim Acta, 168, 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0284-6
  • Fiorin, E., & Vigato, P. A. (2007). Teodelinda's tales at Monza Cathedral: A physico-chemical diagnosis of the pictorial cycle. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 8(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2006.05.003
  • Fomicheva, N. M., & Valuev, D. A. (2021). The connection of times and generations in the restoration of cultural heritage monuments. Culture and arts in the context of cultural heritage: The collection of articles. Klironomy, 3(3), 45-90. https://doi.org/10.47451/her2021-10-001
  • Frahm, E., & Doonan, R. C. P. (2013). The technological versus methodological revolution of portable XRF in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(3), 1425-1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.10.013
  • Franklin, M. U. (1995). Gold is in the eye of the beholder. Proceedings of the Objects Specialty Group Session, 23rd Annual Meeting in St. Paul, Minnesota; June 10, 1995, American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, Vol. 3, 2.
  • Gao, F., Zhou, X., Zhou H., Li, M. Tong, & Liu, S. (2016). Characterization and analysis of sandstone substrate, mortar layers, gold foils, and paintings of the Avalokitesvara Statues in Dazu County (China). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 21, 881-888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2016.03.009
  • Gattia, M. D., & Seccaroni, C. (2023). Metal threads in Qing Dynasty Chinese ‘silk and metal carpets’. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 64, 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2023.08.015
  • Gettens, R. J., & Stout, G. L. (2012). Painting materials: A short encyclopedia. New York: Dover Publications Courier Corporation.
  • Guerra, F. M., & Pagès-Camagna, S. (2019). On the way to the New Kingdom. Analytical study of Queen Ahhotep's gold jewellery (17th Dynasty of Egypt). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 36, 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.09.004
  • Gulotta, D., Goidanich, S., Bertoldi, M., Bortolotto, S., & Toniolo, L. (2012). Gildings and false gildings of the Baroque Age: Characterization and conservation problems. Archaeometry, 54, 940-954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00658.x
  • Hasol, D. (2005). Ansiklopedik mimarlık sözlüğü (9. Baskı). İstanbul: YEM Yayınevi.
  • Hinds, W. M., Bevanb G., R., & Burgessc, W. (2014). The non-destructive determination of Pt in ancient Roman gold coins by XRF spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 29, 1799-1805. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4JA00170B
  • Hradil, D., Grygar, T., Hradilová, J., & Bezdička, P. (2003). Clay and iron oxide pigments in the history of painting. Applied Clay Science, 22(5), 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(03)00076-0
  • Ingo, G. M., Guida, G., Angelini, E., Di Carlo, G., Mezzi, A., & Padeletti, G. (2013). Ancient mercury-based plating methods: Combined use of surface analytical techniques for the study of manufacturing process and degradation phenomena. Accounts of Chemical Research , 46(11), 2365-2375. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300232e
  • Jackson, D. P., & Jackson, J. (1976). A survey of Tibetan pigments. Kalish, 4: 273-294.
  • Kalter, J. (1985). The arts and crafts of Turkestan. Londra: Thames and Hudson.
  • Karlsson, M. C. F., Abbas, Z., Bordes, R., Cao, Y., Larsson, A. , Rolland, A., Taylor, P., & Marie Steenari, B. (2018). Surface properties of recycled titanium oxide recovered from paint waste. Progress in Organic Coatings, 125, 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.09.012
  • Kekeç, E. (2022). Geçmişten günümüze aşı boyasının kullanımı üzerine bir değerlendirme. Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(23), 139-168. https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.973664
  • Klemm, R., & Klemm, D. (2012). Gold and gold mining in ancient Egypt and Nubia. Value of gold in ancient Egypt. Springer Science + Business Media, 21-29.
  • Lalli, C. G., & Innocenti, F. (2016). La doratura nelle tecniche artistiche. OPD Restauro, 28, 340-348.
  • Leone, G., Vita, A., Consumi, M., Tamasi, G., Bonechi, C., Donati, A., Rossi, C. & Magnani, A. (2019). Comparison of original and modern mortars at the Herculaneum archaeological site. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 21: 2, 92-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2019.1638139
  • Li, F., Ge, L., Tang, Z., Chen, Y., & Wang, J. (2020). Recent developments on XRF spectra evaluation. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 55(4), 263-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2019.1580715
  • Liritzis, I., & Zacharias, N. (2011). Portable XRF of archaeological artifacts: Current research, potentials and limitations. In: Shackley, M. (eds) X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology. Springer, 109-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6886-9_6
  • Marchetti, A., Beltran, V., Storme, P., Nuyts, G., Meeren, L. V. D., Skirtach, A., Otten, E., Debulpaep, M., Watteeuw, L., & Wael, K. D. (2023). All that glitters is not gold: Unraveling the material secrets behind the preservation of historical brass. Journal of Journal of Cultural Heritage, 53, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2023.07.018.s
  • Margreiter, R., Baumann, J., Mantouvalou, I., Radtke, M., Reinholz, U., & Strub, E. (2022). Investigations on fire-gilding. Archaeometry, 64(6), 1465-1478. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12797
  • Mayer, R. (1951). The artist’s handbook of materials and techniques. Faber and Faber.
  • Middlemas, S., Fang, Z. Z., & Fan, P. (2013). A new method for production of titanium dioxide pigment. Hydrometallurgy, 131-132, 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.11.002
  • Miho, Y. (2022). The golden hall of Chuson-Ji Temple. Highlighting Japan, 173, 10-11.
  • Miliani, C., Doherty, B., Daveri, A., Loesch, A., Ulbricht, H, Brunetti G. B., & Sgamellotti A. (2009). In situ non-invasive investigation on the painting techniques of early Meissen Stoneware. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 73(4), 587-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2009.02.003
  • Nicholson, E. D. (1979). The ancient craft of gold beating. Gold Bulletin, 12(4), 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03215119
  • Oddy, A. (1981). Gilding through the ages. Gold Bulletin, 14: 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03214601
  • Oddy, A. (1993). Gilding of metals in the Old World. Metal Plating and Patination, 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-1611-9.50019-4
  • Oddy, A. (1995). A history of gilding with particular reference to statuary. Proceedings of the Objects Specialty Group Session, 23rd Annual Meeting in St. Paul, Minnesota; June 10, 1995, American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, Vol. 3, 1.
  • Ogburn, D., Sillar, B., & Sierra, J. C. (2013). Evaluating effects of chemical weathering and surface contamination on the in situ provenance analysis of building stones in the Cuzco region of Peru with portable XRF. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(4), 1823-1837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.023
  • Oktay, M. J. (2013). Orta ve İç Asya’da VI-IX. yüzyıllar arasında maden sanatı: Göktürk Devri. [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi.
  • Orsilli, J., Migliori, A., Padilla-Alvarez, R., Martini, M., & Galli, A. (2023). AR-XRF measurements and data treatment for the evaluation of gilding samples of cultural heritage. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 38(1), 174-185. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2JA00227B
  • Ortega-Feliu, I., Ager, F.J., Roldán, C., Ferretti, M., Juanes, D., Scrivano, S., Respaldiza, M.A., Ferrazza, L., Traver, I., & Grilli, M. L. (2017). Multi-technique characterization of gold electroplating on silver substrates for cultural heritage applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 406(Part A), 318-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2017.02.016
  • Oxford English Dictionary, (2024, Ocak 24). Gilding. https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=Gilding
  • Oyedotun, T. D. T. (2018). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the investigation of the composition of earth materials: A review and an overview. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 2(2), 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2018.1452459
  • Önel, İ. (2016). Geçmişten günümüze altın varak teknikleri. Vakıf Restorasyon Yıllığı Dergisi, 12, 16-22.
  • Pahlke, S., Fabry, L., Kotz, L., Mantler, C., & Ehmann, T. (2001). Determination of ultra trace contaminants on silicon wafer surfaces using total-reflection X-ray fluorescence TXRF ‘state-of-the-art’. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 56(11), 2261-2274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00312-3
  • Parma, G. M., Beraldo, H., & Mendes, C. I. (2023). Study of a Brazilian manuscript from the 18th century: Physicochemical identification of inks compositions and elucidation of painting techniques. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 59, 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.11.012
  • Pecchioni, E., Magrini, D., Cantisani, E., Fratini, F., Garzonio, C. A., Nosengo, C., Santo, A. P., & Vettori, S. (2021). A non-invasive approach for the identification of “red marbles” from Santa Maria Del Fiore Cathedral (Firenze, Italy). International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15(3), 494-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1629045
  • Pehlivan, E. (2022a). A comprehensive approach of XRF and analogical study of a Phrygian Fibula. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 22(3).
  • Pehlivan, G. F. (2022b). Kültürel miras yapılarında taş malzemenin tahribatsız XRF yöntemiyle analizi: Şirinoğlu Hamamı örneği. KAPU Trakya Mimarlık ve Tasarım Dergisi, 2(2), 57-68.
  • Pehlivan, G. F. (2023). Analysis of cultural heritage by non-destructive methods: The case of Sivas Congress Museum. Architecture and Urban Planning, 19(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.2478/aup-2023-0001
  • Perez-Rodriguez, J. L., Robador, M. D., Haro, M. C. J. d., Blanes, J. M. M., Garofano, I., Odriozola, C., & Duran, A, (2013). Non-invasive analytical techniques applied to characterize the components of ancient golden medallions. Heritage Science 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-7445-1-4
  • Pliny the Elder. (1961). The natural history liber XXXIII. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Povolotckaia, A., Aseeva, A., Borisov, E., Starilova, L., Grigorieva, I., Stepanova, A., Kaputkina, S., Vasileva, A., & Dynnikova, M. (2025). The golden Mizunotype-A study of a rare example of Japanese photographic art from the late XIXth century. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 71, 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.11.009
  • Rampazzi, L., Rizzo, B., Colombo, C., Conti, C., Realini, M., Batolucci, U., Colombini, P. M., Spiriti, A., & Facchin, L. (2008). The stucco decorations from St. Lorenzo in Laino (Como, Italy): The materials and the techniques employed by the “Magistri Comacini”. Analytica Chimica Acta, 630(1), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.052
  • Risdonne, V., Burgio, L., Schilling, M. R., & Khanjian, H. (2018). Investigation of Burmese lacquer methods: Technical examination of the V&A Burmese shrine. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 30, 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.07.003
  • Ryu, M.(2022). The production and use of gold in Japan. Highlighting Japan, 173, 7-9.
  • Saggio, F., Rizzuto, C., Teeters, D., Didik, J., Barberi, R. C., & Castriota, M. (2023). Raman investigations on the frame of the painting “White Man’s buffalo” by the artist charles M. russell. Applied Sciences, 13(6), 3654. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063654
  • Sandu, I. C. A., Busani, T., & de Sá, M. H. (2011a). The surface behavior of gilding layer imitations on polychrome artefacts of cultural heritage. Surface and Interface Analysis, 43: 1171-1181. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.3796
  • Sandu, I. C. A., de Sá, M. H., & Pereira, M. C. (2011b). Ancient ‘gilded’ art objects from European cultural heritage: A review on different scales of characterization. Surface and Interface Analysis, 43: 1134-1151. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.3740
  • Sansonetti, A., Striova, J., Biondelli, D., & Castellucci, E. M. (2010). Colored grounds of gilt stucco surfaces as analyzed by a combined microscopic, spectroscopic and elemental analytical approach. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 397, 2667–2676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3491-4
  • Schwantes, G., & Trachet, A. (2020). Differentiation between iron-II-sulphate (copperas) staining and natural ochre pigmented lime finishes on lime plaster. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 16(5), 767–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1845418
  • Scott, D. A., Podany, J., & Considine, B. B., (2007). Ancient & historic metals, conservation and scientific research. Proceedings of a Symposium Organized By the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Getty Conservation Institute, November 1991, Singapore: Getty Conservation Institute.
  • Simsek, G., Colomban, P., Casadio, F., Bellot-Gurlet, L., Zelleke, G., Faber, K. T., Milande, V., & Tilliard, L. (2015). On-site identification of early Böttger red stoneware using portable XRF/Raman instruments: 2, glaze & gilding analysis. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 98(10), 3006-3013. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13720
  • Sivas Belediyesi Arşivi. (2019, 16 Nisan). Sivas İmar Planı, Sivas Belediyesi İmar ve Şehircilik Müdürlüğü Arşivi, Sivas.
  • Sözen, M., & Tanyeli, U. (1994). Sanat kavram ve terimleri sözlüğü (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Steger, S., Stege, H., Bretz, S., & Hahn, O. (2021). Disclosing glittering and sparkling effects in 20th-century reverse glass paintings: A study of metallic pigments and metal foils by means of in situ XRF and DRIFTS analysis. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 48, 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.11.008
  • Śwituszak, P. K., Targowski, P., & Olszewska-Świetlik, J. (2023). The Sacred Heart of Jesus by Adolf Herman Duszek (1872-1964) as a rare example of the zinc support altar painting investigated through multiple non-invasive techniques. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 62, 160-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2023.05.029
  • Tapu. (2024, Şubat 16). Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü parsel sorgu uygulaması. https://parselsorgu.tkgm.gov.tr/#ara/idari/126058/103/1/1708261741106
  • TDK. (2024, Ocak 2). Yaldız. https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • Thornton, C. P. (2007). Of brass and bronze in prehistoric Southwest Asia. Metals and Mines: Studies in Archaeometallurgy, 123-135.
  • Thornton, J. (1995). All that glitters is not gold: Other surfaces that appear to be gilded. Proceedings of the Objects Specialty Group Session, 23rd Annual Meeting in St. Paul, Minnesota; June 10, 1995, American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. Vol. 3. 15.
  • Tissot, I., Manso, M., & Guerra, F. M. (2018). Unveiling the art of René Lalique with XRF and Raman spectroscopy-Technological innovation in jewellery production. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 33, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.03.014
  • Toniolo, L., Colombo, C., Bruni, S., Fermo, P., Casoli, A., Palla, G., & Bianchi, C. L. (1998). Gilded stuccoes of the Italian baroque. Studies in Conservation, 43(4), 201-208. https://doi.org/10.2307/1506729
  • Tunçgenç, M. (2004). Boya teknolojisine giriş. İzmir: Akzo Nobel Kemipol A.Ş.
  • Ulak, J. T. (2023, August 11). Japanese architecture. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/Japanese-architecture
  • Vadrucci, M., Chiari, M., Mazzinghi, A., Rufoloni, A., & Cicero, C. (2024). “Hearts of gold” (Cuori d'oro): The case study of the leather corami of Palazzo Chigi in Ariccia. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 68, 184-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.017
  • Vural, B. Z. (2018). Sivas ili Akdeğirmen Mahallesi Özdoğanlar Evi restorasyon ve yeniden işlevlendirme önerisi. [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Wei, Q., Li, Y., Rehren, T., Ma, H., Li, X., & Chen, J. ( 2022). Early brass from the Foyemiaowan-Xindiantai cemetery, 265-439 ce: the origin and diffusion of brass in ancient China. Heritage Science, 10, 159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00784-5
  • Zhang, L., Sun, Y., Xu, H. & Hou, F. (2024). p-XRF for the detection of the elemental content in the glaze layer of Chinese glazed Tiles. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 18(1), 150-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2022.2128703

Downloads

  • PDF
    • | Abstract Views 0 | PDF Downloads 2

Published

2025-08-30

How to Cite

Pehlivan, G. F. (2025). A non-destructive testing method for the production technique of gilded ornamentation in a traditional house: XRF analysis method. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, 6(2), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.47818/DRArch.2025.v6i2168

Issue

Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025)

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Gamze Fahriye Pehlivan

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC